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Alkali-thermal gasification and hydrogen generation potential of biomass

Alexander B. Koven, Shitang S. Tong, Ramin R. Farnood, Charles Q. Jia

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 369-378 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1662-y

摘要： Generating hydrogen gas from biomass is one approach to lowering dependencies on fossil fuels for energy and chemical feedstock, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using both equilibrium simulations and batch experiments with NaOH as a model alkaline, this study established the technical feasibility of converting various biomasses (e.g., glucose, cellulose, xylan and lignin) into H -rich gas via catalyst-free, alkali-thermal gasification at moderate temperatures (as low as 300 °C). This process could produce more H with less carbon-containing gases in the product than other comparable methods. It was shown that alkali-thermal gasification follows , with carbonate being the solid product which is different from the one suggested in the literature. Moreover, the concept of hydrogen generation potential (H -GP)—the maximum amount of H that a biomass can yield, was introduced. For a given biomass C H O , the H -GP would be moles of H . It was demonstrated experimentally that the H -GP was achievable by adjusting the amounts of H O and NaOH, temperature and pressure.

关键词： hydrogen generation potential biomass lignocellulose alkali-thermal gasification sodium hydroxide

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Therapeutic application of hydrogen sulfide donors: the potential and challenges

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 18-27 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0427-6

摘要：

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a colorless gas smelling of rotten egg, has long been considered a toxic gas and environment hazard. However, evidences show that H₂S plays a great role in many physiological and pathological activities, and it exhibits different effects when applied at various doses. In this review, we summarize the chemistry and biomedical applications of H₂S-releasing compounds, including inorganic salts, phosphorodithioate derivatives, derivatives of Allium sativum extracts, derivatives of thioaminoacids, and derivatives of anti-inflammatory drugs.

关键词： hydrogen sulfide cardiovascular cancer hypertension

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Metal-based direct hydrogen generation as unconventional high density energy

Shuo XU, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 27-53 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0603-x

摘要： Metals are unconventional hydrogen production materials which are of high energy densities. This paper comprehensively reviewed and digested the latest researches of the metal-based direct hydrogen generation and the unconventional energy utilization ways thus enabled. According to the metal activities, the reaction conditions of metals were generalized into three categories. The first ones refer to those which would violently react with water at ambient temperature. The second ones start to react with water after certain pretreatments. The third ones can only react with steam under somewhat harsh conditions. To interpret the metal-water reaction mechanisms at the molecular scale, the molecule dynamics simulation and computational quantum chemistry were introduced as representative theoretical analytical tools. Besides, the state-of-the-art of the metal-water reaction was presented with several ordinary metals as illustration examples, including the material treatment technologies and the evaluations of hydrogen evolution performances. Moreover, the energy capacities of various metals were summarized, and the application potentials of the metal-based direct hydrogen production approach were explored. Furthermore, the challenges lying behind this unconventional hydrogen generation method and energy strategy were raised, which outlined promising directions worth of further endeavors. Overall, active metals like Na and K are appropriate for rapid hydrogen production occasions. Of these metals discussed, Al, Mg and their alloys offer the most promising hydrogen generation route for clean and efficient propulsion and real-time power source. In the long run, there exists plenty of space for developing future energy technology along this direction.

关键词： metal hydrogen generation hydrolysis metal water reaction clean energy

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Effects of bicarbonate and cathode potential on hydrogen production in a biocathode electrolysis cell

Dawei LIANG,Yanyan LIU,Sikan PENG,Fei LAN,Shanfu LU,Yan XIANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 624-630 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0584-2

摘要： A biocathode with microbial catalyst in place of a noble metal was successfully developed for hydrogen evolution in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). The strategy for fast biocathode cultivation was demonstrated. An exoelectrogenic reaction was initially extended with an H -full atmosphere to enrich H -utilizing bacteria in a MEC bioanode. This bioanode was then inversely polarized with an applied voltage in a half-cell to enrich the hydrogen-evolving biocathode. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics of the biocathode MEC could be enhanced by increasing the bicarbonate buffer concentration from 0.05 mol·L to 0.5 mol·L and/or by decreasing the cathode potential from -0.9 V to -1.3 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Within the tested potential region in this study, the HER rate of the biocathode MEC was primarily influenced by the microbial catalytic capability. In addition, increasing bicarbonate concentration enhances the electric migration rate of proton carriers. As a consequence, more mass H can be released to accelerate the biocathode-catalyzed HER rate. A hydrogen production rate of 8.44 m ·m ·d with a current density of 951.6 A·m was obtained using the biocathode MEC under a cathode potential of -1.3 V vs. SCE and 0.4 mol·L bicarbonate. This study provided information on the optimization of hydrogen production in biocathode MEC and expanded the practical applications thereof.

关键词： microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) biocathode hydrogen production bicarbonate cathode potential

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Significant potential of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell systems for distributed power generation and carbon neutrality

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 879-882 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0850-8

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风氢互补发电系统构建初探

徐晔,陈晓宁

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第11期页码 83-88

摘要：

为了解决风力发电输出功率的不平稳性和电压的波动性，以解决并网的瓶颈问题，提出风氢互补发电系统，将风力发电输出“波谷”对应的可控出力作为风电场能保证恒定输出的功率，“波峰”至“波谷”之间对应的不可控的出力，采用“波峰”制氢进行“削峰”、“波谷”氢气发电进行“填谷”的方式进行平衡。并以如东风电场为例进行了实例分析与计算，结果证明采用该风氢互补系统基本能保证发电输出平衡，是解决风电并网有效可行的途径。

关键词：风力发电氢能发电制氢储氢

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Liquid-based high-temperature receiver technologies for next-generation concentrating solar power: Areview of challenges and potential solutions

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 16-42 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0866-8

摘要： To reduce the levelized cost of energy for concentrating solar power (CSP), the outlet temperature of the solar receiver needs to be higher than 700 °C in the next-generation CSP. Because of extensive engineering application experience, the liquid-based receiver is an attractive receiver technology for the next-generation CSP. This review is focused on four of the most promising liquid-based receivers, including chloride salts, sodium, lead-bismuth, and tin receivers. The challenges of these receivers and corresponding solutions are comprehensively reviewed and classified. It is concluded that combining salt purification and anti-corrosion receiver materials is promising to tackle the corrosion problems of chloride salts at high temperatures. In addition, reducing energy losses of the receiver from sources and during propagation is the most effective way to improve the receiver efficiency. Moreover, resolving the sodium fire risk and material compatibility issues could promote the potential application of liquid-metal receivers. Furthermore, using multiple heat transfer fluids in one system is also a promising way for the next-generation CSP. For example, the liquid sodium is used as the heat transfer fluid while the molten chloride salt is used as the storage medium. In the end, suggestions for future studies are proposed to bridge the research gaps for > 700 °C liquid-based receivers.

关键词： next-generation concentrating solar power liquid-based solar receiver molten salt liquid metals

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Availability of wind energy resource potential for power generation at Jos, Nigeria

O. O. Ajayi, R. O. Fagbenle, J. Katende, J. O. Okeniyi

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 376-385 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0167-5

摘要： The objective of this study was to assess the potential viability of the wind resource potential in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria for power generation. The monthly mean wind speeds that span from 1987 to 2007 were employed to statistically analyze the monthly, annual and seasonal potentials of the wind energy resources at the site. Besides, the results were employed together with two models of wind energy conversion system to simulate the likely average output power. The outcome showed that Jos was suitable as a site for wind farm projects of varying sizes and that MW·h to GW·h of electricity is likely to be produced per period of months, seasons and years. The average wind speed range at the site was also estimated to be between 6.7 and 11.8 m/s across the months, years and seasons.

关键词： green electricity renewable resources Weibull statistics Jos Nigeria

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Novel strategies to tailor the photocatalytic activity of metal–organic frameworks for hydrogen generation

Luis A. ALFONSO-HERRERA, Leticia M. TORRES-MARTINEZ, J. Manuel MORA-HERNANDEZ

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 734-746 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0840-x

摘要： This review provides a recompilation of the most important and recent strategies employed to increase the efficiency of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based systems toward the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) reaction through specific strategies: tailoring the photocatalytic activity of bare MOFs and guest@MOF composites, formation of heterojunctions based on MOFs and various photocatalysts, and inorganic photocatalysts derived from MOFs. According to the data reported in this mini-review, the most effective strategy to improve the PHE of MOFs relies on modifying the linkers with new secondary building units (SBUs). Although several reviews have investigated the photocatalytic activity of MOFs from a general point of view, many of these studies relate this activity to the physicochemical and catalytic properties of MOFs. However, they did not consider the interactions between the components of the photocatalytic material. This study highlights the effects of strength of the supramolecular interactions on the photocatalytic performance of bare and MOF-based materials during PHE. A thorough review and comparison of the results established that metal–nanoparticle@MOF composites have weak van der Waals forces between components, whereas heterostructures only interact with MOFs at the surface of bare materials. Regarding material derivatives from MOFs, we found that pyrolysis destroyed some beneficial properties of MOFs for PHE. Thus, we conclude that adding SBUs to organic linkers is the most efficient strategy to perform the PHE because the SBUs added to the MOFs promote synergy between the two materials through strong coordination bonds.

关键词： metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) photocatalytic hydrogen evolution MOF heterojunctions materials derived from MOFs bandgap recombination

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Enhanced hydrogen production from aqueous methanol solution using TiO

Paramasivan GOMATHISANKAR,Tomoko NODA,Hideyuki KATSUMATA,Tohru SUZUKI,Satoshi KANECO

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第2期页码 197-202 doi: 10.1007/s11705-014-1417-y

摘要： The photocatalytic hydrogen production from aqueous methanol solution using titanium dioxide (TiO ) was investigated in the addition of metal particles including copper, lead, tin, and zinc. The results show that only the addition of copper particles enhances the hydrogen production. The copper usage and reaction temperature were further optimized for TiO /Cu photocatalyts. Under the optimal conditions, the hydrogen production using TiO /Cu as photocatalysts is approximately 68 times higher than that obtained with only TiO .

关键词： photocatalytic hydrogen generation methanol copper particles TiO₂ metal-semiconductor interface

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我国港口城市氢能发展潜力与对策研究

刘岢孟 ,高俊莲 ,孙旭东 ,张博,吴荣

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第3期页码 108-117 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.03.012

摘要：

氢能是我国未来能源转型与产业发展的重要方向；港口城市是我国经济发展与对外开放的关键地带，加快和推动能源绿色低碳转型、布局氢能规模化开发利用是推动我国港口城市高质量发展的重要手段。本文首先明确了我国港口城市氢能产业发展的基础，分析了港口城市氢能产业发展的现状、已有规划目标以及存在的问题，进而提出了港口城市氢能发展的方向和路径选择。研究发现，我国港口城市具有区位优势明显、氢能资源丰富、应用场景突出、研发实力雄厚、人才集聚力强等发展基础，可以通过港口、重型卡车、公交车等应用场景，推进氢能重点工程项目的部署落实，将港口城市打造为氢能技术先进、氢能供应充足、产业链完备的国际能源枢纽。为进一步把握港口城市氢能产业发展的战略机遇，研究建议，各地要积极开放合作，构建良好生态；抓关键补短板，构建创新体系；坚持安全为先，推进场景应用；加快技术创新，激发发展动力。

关键词：港口城市；氢能技术；氢能应用；国际氢能交通枢纽

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氢储能在我国新型电力系统中的应用价值、挑战及展望

许传博 ,刘建国

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第3期页码 89-99 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.03.010

摘要：

加快发展氢能产业，是应对实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标和保障国家能源安全的战略选择。氢储能具有跨季节、跨区域和大规模存储的优势，同时具备一定的快速响应能力，在新型电力系统的“源网荷”各个环节均有很强的应用价值。本文剖析了氢储能相对其他储能技术的优势，阐述了新型电力系统对氢能的诉求，并构建了氢储能在新型电力系统“源网荷”中的应用价值体系。研究认为，氢储能在储存容量和放电时长等性能指标上可满足新型电力系统的要求，但在投资成本和转化效率方面与要求仍有一定差距；氢能系统与电力系统缺乏跨领域协同，氢储能在新型电力系统中的应用缺少相应的激励配套政策；在可再生能源制氢、电氢耦合运行控制和氢燃料电池发电等方面仍存在标准体系不健全甚至空白的问题。为此本文建议，现阶段应以效率高、成本低“电‒ 氢”广义氢储能方式为主，“电‒ 氢‒ 电”狭义氢储能方式为辅；充分发挥氢能市场、电力市场和碳市场力量，促进氢储能低碳低成本健康发展；积极探索氢能在不同距离尺度下的运输方式组合，解决氢能资源与负荷逆向分布难题；加快完善电氢耦合产业新型标准体系建设，抢占国际标准化制高点。

关键词：氢储能；新型电力系统；氢储存技术；新能源发电

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基于中空微型水轮机的污水发电可行性研究

Tomomi Uchiyama, Satoshi Honda, Tomoko Okayama, Tomohiro Degawa

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第4期页码 510-517 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.007

摘要：

本文利用微型水轮机技术，着重对污水管道水力发电的可行性进行了研究。首先，对日本丰川河流域排水系统两连接点处的污水流量进行了一年以上的观测，借此分析污水的水力势能；其次，假定微型水轮机被安装在污水管道的连接点位置，通过实验室试验研究微型水轮机的性能。研究表明：污水管道的连接点处蕴藏有可用于全年发电的水力势能，同时，微型水轮机在该位置可以有效地进行污水水力发电。

关键词：微型水轮机污水发电连接点水力势能

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Potential unreliability of ALK variant allele frequency in the efficacy prediction of targeted therapy

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 493-502 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0946-x

摘要： Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is the most common fusion gene involved in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and remarkable response has been achieved with the use of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs). However, the clinical efficacy is highly variable. Pre-existing intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) has been proven to contribute to the poor treatment response and the resistance to targeted therapies. In this work, we investigated whether the variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of ALK fusions can help assess ITH and predict targeted therapy efficacy. Through the application of next-generation sequencing (NGS), 7.2% (326/4548) of patients were detected to be ALK positive. On the basis of the adjusted VAF (adjVAF, VAF normalization for tumor purity) of four different threshold values (adjVAF < 50%, 40%, 30%, or 20%), the association of ALK subclonality with crizotinib efficacy was assessed. Nonetheless, no statistical association was observed between median progression-free survival (PFS) and ALK subclonality assessed by adjVAF, and a poor correlation of adjVAF with PFS was found among the 85 patients who received first-line crizotinib. Results suggest that the ALK VAF determined by hybrid capture-based NGS is probably unreliable for ITH assessment and targeted therapy efficacy prediction in NSCLC.

关键词： ALK fusion next-generation sequencing fluorescence in situ hybridization immunohistochemistry variant allele frequency intratumoral heterogeneity targeted therapy

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钽基氮氧化物——窄带隙光催化剂用于太阳能制氢 Review

肖慕, 王松灿, Thaweesak Supphasin, 罗彬, 王连洲

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第3期页码 365-378 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.019

摘要：

光催化分解水可以将太阳能直接转化为氢能，是一种有效利用太阳能的途径。开发用于太阳能制氢的高效且稳定的光催化剂是光催化研究领域的重要目标之一。钽基氮氧化物具有窄的带隙宽度，并且光生电子和空穴的势能足够用来分解水，因此该类光催化剂最有可能实现太阳能制氢。到目前为止，全世界的研究小组对钽基氮氧化物光催化剂进行了系统而深入的研究，取得了大量的成果。然而，钽基氮氧化物的太阳能制氢效率还远远低于理论值。如何更好地设计这些材料进而提高其太阳能制氢效率这一命题是十分重要和有意义的。本文总结了钽基氮氧化物用于光催化制氢的研究和发展过程，着重分析了用于提高光催化分解水效率的各种方法。最后，探讨了窄带隙钽基氮氧化物光催化分解水研究领域的未来发展趋势。

关键词：钽基光催化剂窄带隙分解水氢